SMK SULTAN YUSSUF,31000 BATU GAJAH, PERAK.
PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN STPM 2010:
SEJARAH 940/2(SEJARAH MALAYSIA, ASIA TENGGARA, ASIA SELATAN DAN ASIA TIMUR: 1800-1963)
Bahagian A
Jawab dua soalan sahaja
1. Bincangkan peranan raja di negeri-negeri Melayu sebelum campur tangan British pada 1874.
2. Gerakan penentangan terhadap campur tangan British di Pahang dan Perak pada abad ke-19 menggambarkan perasaan tidak puas hati masyarakat tempatan di negeri-negeri berkenaan. Bincangkan.
3. Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan perusahaan getah di Tanah Melayu pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20.
4. Bincangkan perluasan kuasa Barat di Sabah dari tahun 1865 hingga 1888 dan di Sarawak dari tahun 1840 hingga 1910.
5. Huraikan faktor-faktor yang membawa kepada pembentukan Gagasan Malaysia pada tahun 1963.
6. Huraikan sistem pemerintahan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dari tahun 1957 hingga 1963.
Bahagian B
Jawab dua soalan sahaja
7. Huraikan sistem pemerintahan beraja di Myanmar dan Vietnam sebelum penglibatan kuasa Barat.
8. Bincangkan adat dan kepercayaan yang diamalkan di China dan India pada abad ke-19.
9. Huraikan kesan-kesan Perjanjian Bowring 1855 dan Perjanjian Kanagawa 1854 ke atas politik, ekonomi dan sosial di Thailand dan Jepun.
10. Huraikan faktor-faktor yang mencetuskan Revolusi China 1911 dan Revolusi Siam 1932.
11. Jelaskan sebab-sebab yang membawa kepada kejatuhan Shogun Tokugawa pada 1868 dan Dinasti Manchu pada 1911.
12. Bincangkan sistem pemerintahan di Vietnam dan Filipina selepas Perang Dunia Kedua.
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Isnin, 30 Ogos 2010
Bincangkan kesan-kesan pelaksanaan Sistem Residen ke atas Negeri-negeri Melayu dari tahun 1874 hingga tahun 1896.
DIPETIK DAN DIUBAH SUAI DARIPADA CONTOH JAWAPAN SEJARAH 2 UNTUK PERKAMPUNGAN SEJARAH STPM NEGERI PERAK TAHUN 2008 (PROGRAM GALUS)
Pengenalan
Campur tangan British secara rasmi bermula di Perak dengan termeterainya Perjanjian Pangkor pada 20 Januari 1874. Ini diikuti dengan perluasan pengaruh dan pelantikan Residen British di Selangor (1874), Sungai Ujong (1874), Pahang (1888), dan Negeri Sembilan (1896). Pada teorinya, setiap Residen mempunyai tugas menasihati Sultan dalam urusan pentadbiran, memulihkan keamanan, memajukan ekonomi negeri, dan memperkenalkan sistem pungutan cukai. Namun pada hakikatnya, terdapat pelbagai kelemahan dan masalah dalam pelaksanaan sistem Residen. Ini kerana Residen sering melampaui bidang tugasnya.
Isi:
A. Kesan negatif atau kelemahan Sistem Residen
I. Sultan kehilangan kuasa
Residen dilantik sebagai penasihat Sultan dalam urusan pentadbiran. Sultan terpaksa akur dengan arahan Residen. Kuasa Sultan terbatas dalam hal agama Islam dan adat istiadat Melayu
II. Ketidakseragaman pentadbiran
Tidak terdapat keseragaman pentadbiran antara Negeri Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan. Tidak terdapat satu panduan yang jelas untuk diikuti oleh Residen dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Setiap Residen mentadbir dan sering bertindak mengikut budi bicara sendiri. Sistem Residen di Perak ditentang kerana J.W.W Birch jahil dan mencampuri adat resam Melayu. Sebaliknya sistem Residen di Selangor dianggap berjaya kerana Hugh Low dan Frank Swettenham memahami adat resam Melayu.
III. Tiada pengawasan daripada Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat
Residen sering lambat mengambil tindakan terhadap masalah pentadbiran. Tiada pemantauan terhadap tugas Residen oleh Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat. Jarak kediaman Gabenor yang jauh di Singapura yang jauh memberi peluang kepada Residen berkuasa sepenuhnya.
IV Mencampuri urusan adat resam tempatan
Residen melantik Pegawai Pemungut Cukai dan Majistret. Mengambil alih kuasa memungut cukai daripada pembesar Melayu dan menimbulkan kemarahan pembesar Melayu kerana kehilangan punca pendapatan dan pengaruh. Amalan hamba abdi juga dihapuskan dan tindakan ini sukar diterima oleh pembesar. Dato’ Maharaja Lela di Perak, Dato’ Bahaman di Pahang, dan Dato’ Kelana di Sungai Ujong bangun menentang Residen
V Jurang sosioekonomi antara kaum
Tumpuan ekonomi British ialah terhadap kawasan perlombongan bijih timah dan telah
nengabaikan kemajuan di kampung yang didiami orang Melayu. Orang Melayu juga tidak mendapat peluang dalam bidang pendidikan.
VI Eksploitasi ekonomi oleh golongan pemodal Eropah dan Cina
Kawasan perlombongan bijih timah baru telah dibuka dengan pesat terutama di Lembah Kinta. Kemasukan pemodal British dan Cina akhirnya mendominasi sektor perlombongan dan hasil pengeluaran bijih timah meningkat kepaa lebih 15,000 tan pada tahun 1890.
VII Pertambahan penduduk dan pembukaan bandar baru
Perkembangan ekonomi menyebabkan British membawa masuk imigran Cina dan India bagi mengisi keperluan tenaga buruh dan sebagai golongan pemodal dan telah menyebabkan pertambahan bilangan penduduk di Tanah Melayu. Keadaan Ini diikuti dengan pembukaan bandar-bandar baru di kawasan perlombongan dan getah misalnya Taiping, Kamunting, Kuala Kangsar, dan Kuala Lumpur. British juga mengamalkan dasar pengasingan kaum di mana orang Melayu masih kekal di kawasan luar bandar atau kampung , orang Cina di bandar baru dan kawasan perlombongan manakala orang India di kawasan ladang getah.
B. Kesan positif Sistem Residen
I. mewujudkan keadaan aman
Menamatkan perebutan takhta di kalangan pewaris tahta sepeti di Perak. Begitu juga dengan perebutan kawasan dan kuasa di kalangan pembesar Melayu serta pergaduhan antara kongsi gelap Ghee Hin dan Hai San. Kegiatan lanun di Selat Melaka juga dapat dikurangkan.
Keadaan turut menjadi aman melalui pelaksanaan undang-undang. Lebih banyak pasukan polis ditubuhkan, misalnya Kapten Speedy telah menambah anggota polis kepada 2,500 orang untuk mengembalikan keamanan daerah Larut. Mahkamah didirikan di Negeri-negeri Melayu dengan menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang mengamalkan Hukum Kanun Jenayah India.
II. Memperkenalkan Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri
Majlis Melayu ditubuhkan oleh William Jervois, ditukar kepada Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri (1877) dengan dianggotai oleh Sultan (Presiden MN), residen, pembesar Melayu dan wakil pedagang Cina.
Peranan MMN termasuklah membincangkan soal pembahagian hasil dan perbelanjaan negeri, tugas-tugas perundangan dan kehakiman , sebagai Mahkamah Rayuan dan menjatuhkan hukuman mati serta melakukan pelantikan pembesar Melayu dan menguruskan hal ehwal agama Islam.
III. Perkembangan sistem pengangkutan
Landasan keretapi pertama Taiping- Port Weld (1885) telah dibina. Pembinaan landasan keretapi bertujuan menghubungkan kawasan perlombongan bijih timah dengan pelabuhan eksport. Jalan raya turut dibina bagi menghubungkan pusat perlombongan bijih timah dengan bandar-bandar baru.
IV. Peningkatan hasil pendapatan negeri
Perkembangan ekonomi meningkatkan hasil pendapatan Negeri-negeri Melayu kepada lebih $2.2 juta (1885). Hasil eksport meningkat kepada $9.6 juta (1885).
V. Penghapusan sistem hamba abdi secara menyeluruh
Residen telah menghapuskan amalan perhambaan secara beransur-ansur terutamanya di negeri Perak.
Kesimpulan
Pelaksanaan sistem Residen di Negeri Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan mendatangkan banyak kesan positif dan negatif. Bagaimanapun, kehilangan kuasa Sultan dalam pentadbiran negeri dan pelbagai kelemahan lain dalam pelaksanaan sistem Residen akhirnya mendorong British untuk melakukan pemusatan pentadbiran melalui penubuhan Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu pada tahun 1896.
Pengenalan
Campur tangan British secara rasmi bermula di Perak dengan termeterainya Perjanjian Pangkor pada 20 Januari 1874. Ini diikuti dengan perluasan pengaruh dan pelantikan Residen British di Selangor (1874), Sungai Ujong (1874), Pahang (1888), dan Negeri Sembilan (1896). Pada teorinya, setiap Residen mempunyai tugas menasihati Sultan dalam urusan pentadbiran, memulihkan keamanan, memajukan ekonomi negeri, dan memperkenalkan sistem pungutan cukai. Namun pada hakikatnya, terdapat pelbagai kelemahan dan masalah dalam pelaksanaan sistem Residen. Ini kerana Residen sering melampaui bidang tugasnya.
Isi:
A. Kesan negatif atau kelemahan Sistem Residen
I. Sultan kehilangan kuasa
Residen dilantik sebagai penasihat Sultan dalam urusan pentadbiran. Sultan terpaksa akur dengan arahan Residen. Kuasa Sultan terbatas dalam hal agama Islam dan adat istiadat Melayu
II. Ketidakseragaman pentadbiran
Tidak terdapat keseragaman pentadbiran antara Negeri Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan. Tidak terdapat satu panduan yang jelas untuk diikuti oleh Residen dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Setiap Residen mentadbir dan sering bertindak mengikut budi bicara sendiri. Sistem Residen di Perak ditentang kerana J.W.W Birch jahil dan mencampuri adat resam Melayu. Sebaliknya sistem Residen di Selangor dianggap berjaya kerana Hugh Low dan Frank Swettenham memahami adat resam Melayu.
III. Tiada pengawasan daripada Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat
Residen sering lambat mengambil tindakan terhadap masalah pentadbiran. Tiada pemantauan terhadap tugas Residen oleh Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat. Jarak kediaman Gabenor yang jauh di Singapura yang jauh memberi peluang kepada Residen berkuasa sepenuhnya.
IV Mencampuri urusan adat resam tempatan
Residen melantik Pegawai Pemungut Cukai dan Majistret. Mengambil alih kuasa memungut cukai daripada pembesar Melayu dan menimbulkan kemarahan pembesar Melayu kerana kehilangan punca pendapatan dan pengaruh. Amalan hamba abdi juga dihapuskan dan tindakan ini sukar diterima oleh pembesar. Dato’ Maharaja Lela di Perak, Dato’ Bahaman di Pahang, dan Dato’ Kelana di Sungai Ujong bangun menentang Residen
V Jurang sosioekonomi antara kaum
Tumpuan ekonomi British ialah terhadap kawasan perlombongan bijih timah dan telah
nengabaikan kemajuan di kampung yang didiami orang Melayu. Orang Melayu juga tidak mendapat peluang dalam bidang pendidikan.
VI Eksploitasi ekonomi oleh golongan pemodal Eropah dan Cina
Kawasan perlombongan bijih timah baru telah dibuka dengan pesat terutama di Lembah Kinta. Kemasukan pemodal British dan Cina akhirnya mendominasi sektor perlombongan dan hasil pengeluaran bijih timah meningkat kepaa lebih 15,000 tan pada tahun 1890.
VII Pertambahan penduduk dan pembukaan bandar baru
Perkembangan ekonomi menyebabkan British membawa masuk imigran Cina dan India bagi mengisi keperluan tenaga buruh dan sebagai golongan pemodal dan telah menyebabkan pertambahan bilangan penduduk di Tanah Melayu. Keadaan Ini diikuti dengan pembukaan bandar-bandar baru di kawasan perlombongan dan getah misalnya Taiping, Kamunting, Kuala Kangsar, dan Kuala Lumpur. British juga mengamalkan dasar pengasingan kaum di mana orang Melayu masih kekal di kawasan luar bandar atau kampung , orang Cina di bandar baru dan kawasan perlombongan manakala orang India di kawasan ladang getah.
B. Kesan positif Sistem Residen
I. mewujudkan keadaan aman
Menamatkan perebutan takhta di kalangan pewaris tahta sepeti di Perak. Begitu juga dengan perebutan kawasan dan kuasa di kalangan pembesar Melayu serta pergaduhan antara kongsi gelap Ghee Hin dan Hai San. Kegiatan lanun di Selat Melaka juga dapat dikurangkan.
Keadaan turut menjadi aman melalui pelaksanaan undang-undang. Lebih banyak pasukan polis ditubuhkan, misalnya Kapten Speedy telah menambah anggota polis kepada 2,500 orang untuk mengembalikan keamanan daerah Larut. Mahkamah didirikan di Negeri-negeri Melayu dengan menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang mengamalkan Hukum Kanun Jenayah India.
II. Memperkenalkan Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri
Majlis Melayu ditubuhkan oleh William Jervois, ditukar kepada Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri (1877) dengan dianggotai oleh Sultan (Presiden MN), residen, pembesar Melayu dan wakil pedagang Cina.
Peranan MMN termasuklah membincangkan soal pembahagian hasil dan perbelanjaan negeri, tugas-tugas perundangan dan kehakiman , sebagai Mahkamah Rayuan dan menjatuhkan hukuman mati serta melakukan pelantikan pembesar Melayu dan menguruskan hal ehwal agama Islam.
III. Perkembangan sistem pengangkutan
Landasan keretapi pertama Taiping- Port Weld (1885) telah dibina. Pembinaan landasan keretapi bertujuan menghubungkan kawasan perlombongan bijih timah dengan pelabuhan eksport. Jalan raya turut dibina bagi menghubungkan pusat perlombongan bijih timah dengan bandar-bandar baru.
IV. Peningkatan hasil pendapatan negeri
Perkembangan ekonomi meningkatkan hasil pendapatan Negeri-negeri Melayu kepada lebih $2.2 juta (1885). Hasil eksport meningkat kepada $9.6 juta (1885).
V. Penghapusan sistem hamba abdi secara menyeluruh
Residen telah menghapuskan amalan perhambaan secara beransur-ansur terutamanya di negeri Perak.
Kesimpulan
Pelaksanaan sistem Residen di Negeri Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan mendatangkan banyak kesan positif dan negatif. Bagaimanapun, kehilangan kuasa Sultan dalam pentadbiran negeri dan pelbagai kelemahan lain dalam pelaksanaan sistem Residen akhirnya mendorong British untuk melakukan pemusatan pentadbiran melalui penubuhan Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu pada tahun 1896.
Isnin, 2 Ogos 2010
PEMERINTAHAN MAHARAJA DI VIETNAM
THE NGUYEN DYNASTY:FROM THE LE TO THE NGUYEN RULERS
The Le Dynasty ended in 1788 after ruling Vietnam for 360 years, making it the longest in Vietnamese history. Although northern Trinh Lords and southern Nguyen Lords had long been rivals, each serving the Le emperors, they controlled their separate areas for more than 200 years. Before 1788, they had expanded and consolidated their areas of influence at the expense of the Cham peoples and the Khmers. They had also dealt successfully with Chinese efforts to return to Vietnam several times.
Despite a long tradition in which the Vietnamese regarded China an enemy, culturally the Vietnamese continued to borrow heavily "things Chinese." Le emperors and their local lords used Chinese-type government administration, the influence of Confucianism in education, and Chinese characters in their writing.
Van Mieu's plan is similar to the Qufu, China site which honors Confucius, born nearby. One walks through several sections of five courtyards, lawns and ponds, pavilions, and relics -- all comprising the temple complex. At one time, there were seventy-two altars to the disciples of Confucius, and there are almost 100 stelae (inscribed stone slabs) containing names of those who passed the competitive exams for the civil service. These "documents" relate to an elaborate Chinese testing system in use as a means of selecting the best educated men for government service. Today one can observe the record of those who passed the oldest of the exams whose tablets remain, those of 1442 and 1448. One may also be entertained by musicians who play traditional Vietnamese music using traditional instruments. The expect a donation and a purchase of their wooden instruments and modern tapes.
One part of Van Mieu once housed Vietnam's first university, the National Academy. Founded in 1076, it remained on this site until it was moved to Hue in 1802.
Consolidation and enlargement of Vietnam occurred in part by waring against the Kingdom of Champa. From the eleventh century to the final Vietnamese defeat of the Cham in 1471, Cham capitals were overrun and the Vietnamese seized large land holdings of the Cham people. By this process, Vietnam extended from the border with China southward to the Hai Van Pass near Da Nang.
Vietnamese also warred against the Khmers who had long before spilled over into southern Vietnam from the Kingdom of Cambodia west of modern Vietnam. The Khmers lived in the Mekong River Delta and they put up great resistance before falling to superior power late in the eighteenth century.
The Le Dynasty (1428-1788) ended from internal and not external challenge. First, there was a peasant uprising, involving rival Nguyen families, against the southern Nguyen Lords and the Trinh Lords of the north. The rebellion, which occurred in central Vietnam's Binh Dinh Province, is known as the Tay Son Rebellion, and it dates from 1771 to 1789.
When the Le emperor invited China to defend him, the large Chinese army was defeated by the rebels in the battle of Dong Da (January 1789). The leading hero of Dong Da was the most able of the three rebel Nguyen brothers -- Nguyen Hue. Earlier, in 1785, he had led Vietnamese forces to victory, also, against neighboring Siamese (Thai). The Nguyen brothers ruled only briefly before they died, but by then nom had become the official language of Vietnam.
With the death of Nguyen Hue in 1792, and the succession of his ten-year-old son, Nguyen Phuc Anh stepped into the political and leadership vacuum that existed. The strongest of still surviving Nguyen lords, he soon had established himself as emperor and head of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945). This first of the Nguyen rulers is known as Emperor Gia Long, and his first significant act was to move the capital to Hue.
MAJOR EARLY NGUYEN EMPERORS:
EMPEROR GIA LONG
Nguyen Phuc Anh (1761-1820) was the strongest of Nguyen leaders who faced the Tay Son and other rivals for many years. He was also the first to turn to the French for help against his rivals. This was before he became the first Nguyen emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945).
He actually permitted a French missionary, Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine, to intercede in 1787 to seek French aid against his rivals.
The original treaty-based relationship of 1787 between Vietnam and France promised missionary and commercial rights to France and military aid to Nguyen Anh. France was also promised the city of Da Nang (which later under the French became Tourane) and the island of Con Son. The terms of the 1787 treaty were not to be realized, however, until much later (1862).
Nguyen Anh, therefore, accomplished his goals without French assistance. He declared himself Emperor Gia Long. His newly acquired name reflected the joining of Gia Dinh (then the name used for Saigon) and Long (part of the old name for Hanoi, Thang Long). Thus, he as emperor represented a unification of Vietnam not known for centuries.
To confirm his power and to symbolize his dynasty, he moved the capital from Hanoi to Hue and he changed the name of the state to Vietnam.
Nevertheless, Gia Long obtained recognition of his newly established power by seeking the endorsement of China and by adopting Chinese as Vietnam's official written language. This meant an end to use of nom.
Up until his death in 1820, when his son succeeded as Emperor Minh Mang, Gia Long tolerated French missionaries but disapproved further French economic developments in Vietnam.
EMPEROR MINH MANG
Minh Mang (1791-1841) succeeded his father as emperor at the age of twenty-nine. Over his two-decade rule (1820-1841), he led in an administrative reorganization of Vietnam, he oversaw enlargement of programs for civil service exams and education, and he built an expansive Vietnamese empire which included much of neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
Emperor Minh Mang was also important as a poet and writer. In regard to other nations, he rejected official diplomatic relations with both France and the United States but tolerated French commerce.
Minh Mang also proved suspicious of Western missionaries and prohibited the practice of Christianity in Vietnam, and there was some persecution of Christians. These attitudes and policies were the result of his strong advocacy of morality and his desire to protect Vietnamese culture.
Minh Mang was also a builder of many of the temples and other structures within the Imperial City in Hue, the capital of Vietnam and home of the Nguyen emperors. In particular, he is remembered for construction of the Mieu Temple in 1821. This temple today honors ten of the Nguyen emperors. Minh Mang also ordered the casting of nine dynasty urns still remaining outside the Hien Lam Pavilion and in front of the Mieu Temple. These bronze urns are quite large and bear carvings depicting rivers, mountains, seas, sea products, and other images important to the Vietnamese.
In a burst of nationalistic pride, the Vietnamese writer of a present-day guidebook for the Hue Citadel complex notes that bronze casting is "a traditional trade of Hue people and Nine Dynastic Urns are its gems. With their bare hands, artisans of Hue have produced what could only be made in other countries with machinery of light or heavy industries."
EMPEROR TU DUC
Tu Duc (1829-1883), according to Pham Cao Duong (Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, page 706) was independent Vietnam's last emperor, 1847-1883. Some would perhaps regard him as the emperor who lost Vietnam to French domination. Tu Duc served as the fourth of the thirteen Nguyen Dynasty emperors and is certainly one of the most interesting.
Tu Duc's rule began as the French expressed their interests in Indochina in increasingly aggressive forms. In 1847, for example, the French navy attacked Da Nang. Our printed course materials, to be read later, relate fully the story of the beginning of French colonialism.
It was Emperor Tu Duc who faced those challenges, and he and his political aides signed several treaties with the French. Gradually Vietnam lost entire provinces, and in 1884, the year following Tu Duc's death, Vietnam became a French protectorate.
Were this loss of sovereignty under French colonialism the entire record of Emperor Tu Duc, he would not be remembered by Vietnamese today as kindly as he is. He showed interest in modernizing Vietnam, and he took a personal interest in Vietnam's education and culture. Among his own writings, he produced poetry, philosophical texts, and history. In addition, he often invited Vietnamese scholars to interact with him at the site of his mausoleum complex.
That was a massive building project which he undertook long before his death. Built on the Perfume River between 1864 and 1867, the complex contains gardens, pavilions, and a temple used earlier as a palace. He visited there for recreation (fishing especially), for meditation, and to write, as well as to meet with other writers and intellectuals.
Tu Duc lived longer than the other Nguyen emperors. During his lifetime he had 104 wives and many more concubines, but he fathered no children. He was often ill, and he was likely sterile due to smallpox early in his life.
In keeping with Chinese and Vietnamese traditions, there is a Stele House on the Tu Duc Mausoleum site. Within this pavilion, open on all four sides, is a 20-ton stele containing Tu Duc's 4,000-character eulogy. Written in Chinese characters, it is actually an autobiography of the emperor.
PRE-COLONIAL VIETNAM
Study Module for Online Course, Fall 1999
Module prepared Summer 1999 by Dr. Ernest Bolt and Amanda Garrett, University of Richmond graduate student in History. This online module is part of a course development project of the Associated Colleges of the South. The course at Centenary College is English 315: The American Experience in Vietnam. At the University of Richmond, it is History 398: The Vietnam Experience. At Rollins College, the course is Political Science 393: The Vietnam Experience.
Ernest Bolt
University of Richmond
The Le Dynasty ended in 1788 after ruling Vietnam for 360 years, making it the longest in Vietnamese history. Although northern Trinh Lords and southern Nguyen Lords had long been rivals, each serving the Le emperors, they controlled their separate areas for more than 200 years. Before 1788, they had expanded and consolidated their areas of influence at the expense of the Cham peoples and the Khmers. They had also dealt successfully with Chinese efforts to return to Vietnam several times.
Despite a long tradition in which the Vietnamese regarded China an enemy, culturally the Vietnamese continued to borrow heavily "things Chinese." Le emperors and their local lords used Chinese-type government administration, the influence of Confucianism in education, and Chinese characters in their writing.
Van Mieu's plan is similar to the Qufu, China site which honors Confucius, born nearby. One walks through several sections of five courtyards, lawns and ponds, pavilions, and relics -- all comprising the temple complex. At one time, there were seventy-two altars to the disciples of Confucius, and there are almost 100 stelae (inscribed stone slabs) containing names of those who passed the competitive exams for the civil service. These "documents" relate to an elaborate Chinese testing system in use as a means of selecting the best educated men for government service. Today one can observe the record of those who passed the oldest of the exams whose tablets remain, those of 1442 and 1448. One may also be entertained by musicians who play traditional Vietnamese music using traditional instruments. The expect a donation and a purchase of their wooden instruments and modern tapes.
One part of Van Mieu once housed Vietnam's first university, the National Academy. Founded in 1076, it remained on this site until it was moved to Hue in 1802.
Consolidation and enlargement of Vietnam occurred in part by waring against the Kingdom of Champa. From the eleventh century to the final Vietnamese defeat of the Cham in 1471, Cham capitals were overrun and the Vietnamese seized large land holdings of the Cham people. By this process, Vietnam extended from the border with China southward to the Hai Van Pass near Da Nang.
Vietnamese also warred against the Khmers who had long before spilled over into southern Vietnam from the Kingdom of Cambodia west of modern Vietnam. The Khmers lived in the Mekong River Delta and they put up great resistance before falling to superior power late in the eighteenth century.
The Le Dynasty (1428-1788) ended from internal and not external challenge. First, there was a peasant uprising, involving rival Nguyen families, against the southern Nguyen Lords and the Trinh Lords of the north. The rebellion, which occurred in central Vietnam's Binh Dinh Province, is known as the Tay Son Rebellion, and it dates from 1771 to 1789.
When the Le emperor invited China to defend him, the large Chinese army was defeated by the rebels in the battle of Dong Da (January 1789). The leading hero of Dong Da was the most able of the three rebel Nguyen brothers -- Nguyen Hue. Earlier, in 1785, he had led Vietnamese forces to victory, also, against neighboring Siamese (Thai). The Nguyen brothers ruled only briefly before they died, but by then nom had become the official language of Vietnam.
With the death of Nguyen Hue in 1792, and the succession of his ten-year-old son, Nguyen Phuc Anh stepped into the political and leadership vacuum that existed. The strongest of still surviving Nguyen lords, he soon had established himself as emperor and head of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945). This first of the Nguyen rulers is known as Emperor Gia Long, and his first significant act was to move the capital to Hue.
MAJOR EARLY NGUYEN EMPERORS:
EMPEROR GIA LONG
Nguyen Phuc Anh (1761-1820) was the strongest of Nguyen leaders who faced the Tay Son and other rivals for many years. He was also the first to turn to the French for help against his rivals. This was before he became the first Nguyen emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945).
He actually permitted a French missionary, Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine, to intercede in 1787 to seek French aid against his rivals.
The original treaty-based relationship of 1787 between Vietnam and France promised missionary and commercial rights to France and military aid to Nguyen Anh. France was also promised the city of Da Nang (which later under the French became Tourane) and the island of Con Son. The terms of the 1787 treaty were not to be realized, however, until much later (1862).
Nguyen Anh, therefore, accomplished his goals without French assistance. He declared himself Emperor Gia Long. His newly acquired name reflected the joining of Gia Dinh (then the name used for Saigon) and Long (part of the old name for Hanoi, Thang Long). Thus, he as emperor represented a unification of Vietnam not known for centuries.
To confirm his power and to symbolize his dynasty, he moved the capital from Hanoi to Hue and he changed the name of the state to Vietnam.
Nevertheless, Gia Long obtained recognition of his newly established power by seeking the endorsement of China and by adopting Chinese as Vietnam's official written language. This meant an end to use of nom.
Up until his death in 1820, when his son succeeded as Emperor Minh Mang, Gia Long tolerated French missionaries but disapproved further French economic developments in Vietnam.
EMPEROR MINH MANG
Minh Mang (1791-1841) succeeded his father as emperor at the age of twenty-nine. Over his two-decade rule (1820-1841), he led in an administrative reorganization of Vietnam, he oversaw enlargement of programs for civil service exams and education, and he built an expansive Vietnamese empire which included much of neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
Emperor Minh Mang was also important as a poet and writer. In regard to other nations, he rejected official diplomatic relations with both France and the United States but tolerated French commerce.
Minh Mang also proved suspicious of Western missionaries and prohibited the practice of Christianity in Vietnam, and there was some persecution of Christians. These attitudes and policies were the result of his strong advocacy of morality and his desire to protect Vietnamese culture.
Minh Mang was also a builder of many of the temples and other structures within the Imperial City in Hue, the capital of Vietnam and home of the Nguyen emperors. In particular, he is remembered for construction of the Mieu Temple in 1821. This temple today honors ten of the Nguyen emperors. Minh Mang also ordered the casting of nine dynasty urns still remaining outside the Hien Lam Pavilion and in front of the Mieu Temple. These bronze urns are quite large and bear carvings depicting rivers, mountains, seas, sea products, and other images important to the Vietnamese.
In a burst of nationalistic pride, the Vietnamese writer of a present-day guidebook for the Hue Citadel complex notes that bronze casting is "a traditional trade of Hue people and Nine Dynastic Urns are its gems. With their bare hands, artisans of Hue have produced what could only be made in other countries with machinery of light or heavy industries."
EMPEROR TU DUC
Tu Duc (1829-1883), according to Pham Cao Duong (Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, page 706) was independent Vietnam's last emperor, 1847-1883. Some would perhaps regard him as the emperor who lost Vietnam to French domination. Tu Duc served as the fourth of the thirteen Nguyen Dynasty emperors and is certainly one of the most interesting.
Tu Duc's rule began as the French expressed their interests in Indochina in increasingly aggressive forms. In 1847, for example, the French navy attacked Da Nang. Our printed course materials, to be read later, relate fully the story of the beginning of French colonialism.
It was Emperor Tu Duc who faced those challenges, and he and his political aides signed several treaties with the French. Gradually Vietnam lost entire provinces, and in 1884, the year following Tu Duc's death, Vietnam became a French protectorate.
Were this loss of sovereignty under French colonialism the entire record of Emperor Tu Duc, he would not be remembered by Vietnamese today as kindly as he is. He showed interest in modernizing Vietnam, and he took a personal interest in Vietnam's education and culture. Among his own writings, he produced poetry, philosophical texts, and history. In addition, he often invited Vietnamese scholars to interact with him at the site of his mausoleum complex.
That was a massive building project which he undertook long before his death. Built on the Perfume River between 1864 and 1867, the complex contains gardens, pavilions, and a temple used earlier as a palace. He visited there for recreation (fishing especially), for meditation, and to write, as well as to meet with other writers and intellectuals.
Tu Duc lived longer than the other Nguyen emperors. During his lifetime he had 104 wives and many more concubines, but he fathered no children. He was often ill, and he was likely sterile due to smallpox early in his life.
In keeping with Chinese and Vietnamese traditions, there is a Stele House on the Tu Duc Mausoleum site. Within this pavilion, open on all four sides, is a 20-ton stele containing Tu Duc's 4,000-character eulogy. Written in Chinese characters, it is actually an autobiography of the emperor.
PRE-COLONIAL VIETNAM
Study Module for Online Course, Fall 1999
Module prepared Summer 1999 by Dr. Ernest Bolt and Amanda Garrett, University of Richmond graduate student in History. This online module is part of a course development project of the Associated Colleges of the South. The course at Centenary College is English 315: The American Experience in Vietnam. At the University of Richmond, it is History 398: The Vietnam Experience. At Rollins College, the course is Political Science 393: The Vietnam Experience.
Ernest Bolt
University of Richmond
TAJUK-TAJUK ULANGKAJI 2
SEJARAH 2 STPM 2010
TAJUK-TAJUK ULANGKAJI BAHAGIAN B – ASIA
1. Sistem pemerintahan beraja [ Myanmar, Vietnam ]
2. Sistem Pembesar [ China, Jepun, Myanmar ]
3. Adat [ China, Jepun, India , Thailand ]
4. Sistem Feudal [ China, Jepun, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand ]
5. Ekonomi tradisional [ China, Jepun , Myanmar ]
6. Ekonomi dagangan [ India, Myanmar, Vietnam, China , Jepun ]
7. Dasar Tutup Pintu [ China, Jepun, Thailand, Vietnam ]
8. Perjanjian [ Bowring , Kanagawa ]
9. Pengilhakan [ India, Indo-China ]
10.Pemberontakan [ Boxer, Katipunan dan Revolusi 1896 ]
11.Pembaharuan [ Chulalongkorn, Meiji, Ching ]
12.Keruntuhan kerajaan [ Shogun Tokugawa, Dinasti Manchu ]
13.Tokoh [ Ho Chi Minh, Mao Tse-tung, Sukarno, Aung San, Gandhi ]
14.Gerakan kebangsaan: agama [ Myanmar, Indonesia ]
15.Revolusi [ Revolusi China 1911, Revolusi Siam 1932 ]
16.Pendudukan Jepun [ Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand ]
17.Dasar Luar [ India, Myanmar, Filipina, Vietnam ]
18.Sistem pemerintahan
19.Pembangunan sosioekonomi
TAJUK-TAJUK ULANGKAJI BAHAGIAN B – ASIA
1. Sistem pemerintahan beraja [ Myanmar, Vietnam ]
2. Sistem Pembesar [ China, Jepun, Myanmar ]
3. Adat [ China, Jepun, India , Thailand ]
4. Sistem Feudal [ China, Jepun, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand ]
5. Ekonomi tradisional [ China, Jepun , Myanmar ]
6. Ekonomi dagangan [ India, Myanmar, Vietnam, China , Jepun ]
7. Dasar Tutup Pintu [ China, Jepun, Thailand, Vietnam ]
8. Perjanjian [ Bowring , Kanagawa ]
9. Pengilhakan [ India, Indo-China ]
10.Pemberontakan [ Boxer, Katipunan dan Revolusi 1896 ]
11.Pembaharuan [ Chulalongkorn, Meiji, Ching ]
12.Keruntuhan kerajaan [ Shogun Tokugawa, Dinasti Manchu ]
13.Tokoh [ Ho Chi Minh, Mao Tse-tung, Sukarno, Aung San, Gandhi ]
14.Gerakan kebangsaan: agama [ Myanmar, Indonesia ]
15.Revolusi [ Revolusi China 1911, Revolusi Siam 1932 ]
16.Pendudukan Jepun [ Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand ]
17.Dasar Luar [ India, Myanmar, Filipina, Vietnam ]
18.Sistem pemerintahan
19.Pembangunan sosioekonomi
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